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Essay ESP - Extra Sensory Perception - 2127 Words

ESP: An Effort to Quantify the Magical A self-conscious girl has a feeling of being watched in class and spins in her chair; indeed, from the back of the room, a curious admirer is following her every move. A woman randomly contemplates an old friend with whom she long ago lost contact; that evening, the friend calls with important news. A man wakes up with a sinking feeling about his day and decides to skip work; later he hears of the disastrous crash of the train he rides each morning. A retarded boy who cannot count correctly states the number of cards dropped on a laboratory floor. (1) A handful of people, perhaps more (and I among them), dream of crashing airplanes and crumpling buildings in the days before the twin towers of†¦show more content†¦We cannot see, or hear, or touch the future. Yet these things happen. Clinical tests show that certain people have the ability to describe figures on a card being held by a person in another room. Such tests repeatedly yield results whose probabilities of being lucky guesses are one against ten-to-the-umpteenth power (i.e.,1:1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000). (5) Hardly attributable to chance! Indigenous peoples, particularly shamans (tribal healers), have claimed for years to know how to enter trance states in which they perceive animals or people who are far away –- or dead. (4) And, while clairvoyance generally involves interactions between two or more living entities, some have been known to use such superpowers to locate objects – such as water with a stick. (3) Though theories range from the scientific to the fantastical, we can say really very little to explain these curious phenomena. (6) The investigation of the paranormal is plagued by an unfortunate, though inevitable, facet of scientific and human inquiry: the I wouldnt have seen it if I hadnt believed it phenomenon. In this case, its more I dont believe it, so I cant see it. To a great extent, we see what we believe can logically be there and overlook, or justify away, the rest. So, many pragmatic modern thinkers either deny the reality of instances of ESP, or attribute them to chance alone. (2) But its there, even if youre notShow MoreRelatedExtra Sensory Perception Essay1217 Words   |  5 PagesExtra Sensory Perception Have you ever had the feeling that youve been in an establishment before youve actually gone inside? Did you ever feel like youve known that something was about to happen before there were any signs that it was about to occur? If youre not a skeptic about the powers of the mind, then there might just be an explanation for your seemingly coincidental premonitions. Its a phenomenon called extra sensory perception, better known as ESP. The textbook definition of thisRead MoreIntolerance in the Chrysalids by John Wyndham Essay519 Words   |  3 PagesIntolerance in the Chrysalids by John Wyndham The Chrysalids was by John Wyndham. It Involves Children that have ESP (Extra Sensory Perception) living in a community that does not tolerate differences. They are eventually found out and escape to Sealand (New Zealand). All societies in this novel practice intolerance in one way or another, even though Wyndham doesnt approve of it. We see it with the Norms, the Fringes, the Sealanders and even people of today. I feelRead MoreDesigning An Esp Study Using Zener Cards909 Words   |  4 PagesDesigning an ESP study using Zener Cards The purpose of this study is to outline an experiment that will correctly display if a person does or does not have extra-sensory perception. Our hypothesis is that people with a strong sense of ESP will accurately identify the Zener cards more than 20% of the time. The probability of guessing any card correctly is 20% so a person with ESP would have a higher probability of guessing correctly. Evidence for the existence of ESP has been found butRead MoreDesigning On Esp Study Zener Cards889 Words   |  4 PagesDesigning on ESP Study Zener cards The purpose of this essay is to create an experiment that test whether or not psychics have clairvoyant power. 1a. Dr. Venkman believes that psychics are the only one who has this special clairvoyant power that no regular person has. 1b. In his article How ESP Works, Tom Harris reveals that no one are ability to prove that extra- sensory perception (ESP), exist. For example, Harris uses the scenario of a man who wrote a book about a sunken ship, which had the sameRead MoreEssay Psuedopsychology vs the Scientific Method2452 Words   |  10 Pagesshe created the rapping sound that everyone believed was a source of communication with the deceased. Even with this confession thousands of people today hold their own sà ©ances because of what these sisters stared over two centuries ago. Extra Sensory Perception: Many people give a great amount of significance to thoughts and things that happen in a brief moment and try to make connections to events that happened later in the future. An example this happened a little while before the plane crashRead MoreEssay about If I See A Ghost Are My Senses1652 Words   |  7 PagesThe Lexicon Webster Dictionary is provided: GHOST The soul or spirit of a dead person. A disembodied spirit. HALLUCINATION (psy) an apparent perception, as by sight or hearing, for which there is no real external cause, as distinguished from illusion ILLUSION A false impression or belief. False perception or conception of some object of sense. A perception of a thing which misrepresents it, or gives it qualities not present in reality. GOD Creator and ruler of the universe, eternal, infinite spiritRead MoreA Research Study On Psychics1668 Words   |  7 Pagesso-called clairvoyant creatures. Besides those visiting the psychics, there are people who study and question the actual powers that the psychic posses. Dr. Peter Venkman was one of the people who had the desire to asses the legitimacy of extra-sensory perception, or ESP. In one of his studies, Dr. Venkman hypothesized that real psychics have special clairvoyant powers that non-psychics do not possess. He uses Dr. Venkman is going to use the Zener cards deck which contains 25 cards with 5 different shapesRead MoreParapsychology: Science of the Unexplained Essay1589 Words   |  7 PagesTelepathy: the ability to exchange information without the use of the known senses. Psychokinesis: the ability to move or influence objects without physical contact. Precognition: the ability to obtain information about future events outside of available perception. These abilitie s, along with many others are just some of the many instances of unexplained phenomena that parapsychology attempts to understand. The exact purpose of parapsychology is widely misinterpreted; whether due to a lack of informationRead MoreDown a Dark Hall774 Words   |  4 Pagescomplicated math problems, and Sandy writes detailed poetry, this being odd because none of them had been able to do these things before. Kit discovers her inner specialty as well, composing wonderful piano music. Ruth had identified this as ESP or extra-sensory perception, and is excited, but Kit is further disturbed, especially after waking up to playing the piano with Jules recording it, confirming her earlier suspicions of hearing music she recognized from somewhere else. After investigating, Kit learnsRead MoreMy Development As A Psychologist1408 Words   |  6 Pagesfellow of the Parapsychology Foundation and research associate at Duke University. In the fifties and sixties the Parapsychology Foundati on and Duke University were renowned for taking the lead in research in paranormal psychology such as extra sensory perception (ESP) and psychokinesis (PK). In the following five years Dr Mangan made a substantial contribution to the parapsychology literature, publishing four experimental studies and three reviews. In 1956 Dr Mangan joined the Department of Psychology

Burger Hut Marketing Communication

Question: Discuss about the Burger Hut Marketing Communication. Answer: Market Analysis Burger and fast food industry is one of the largest revenue generating industry in the world and contributed over $570 billion to the global economy in the year 2016 (Sena, 2017). According to the market researchers, the estimated growth of the industry is 2.5% for another few years (Sena, 2017). Burger King is one of the most popular fast food restaurant chains, which entertains millions of visitors everyday. The chain has established its brand image by providing high quality and affordable food to the customers. It was founded in the year 1954 and today is the second largest fast food hamburger chain across the world. Burger King has 35 operating restaurants in Singapore (Burger King, 2016). The menu of Burger King includes beef burgers, chicken and fish burgers, breakfast burgers and beverages. Chicken and fish burgers also include variety of burgers such as mushroom swiss tendergrill chicken, long chicken, tendercrisp chicken, fish n crisp and other fish burgers. Beef burgers include whopper, double whopper with cheese, double mushroom swiss and other beef burgers. Burger Kings secret recipe formula has attracted large consumer base. Another major player of the industry is McDonalds, which is also one of the largest fast food restaurant chains across the globe. McDonalds began its operations in Singapore in the year 1979 and has established over 120 restaurants crowded with millions of customers. MacDonalds provide superb range of fulfilling scrumptious burgers. Its burgers rang include Big Mac, Cheeseburger, Hamburger, McChicken, McDouble, McSpicy, Double McSpicy, Quarter Pounder with Cheese, Double Quarter Pounder with Cheese, double cheeseburger and McChicken n Cheese burger (McDonalds, 2015). McDonalds attracts and retains its clients through its quick and quality services. Pestle Analysis PESTEL analysis would help to understand the market factors for burger and fast food industry. Political Factors Political factors help to determine the performance of the industry. The industry has consistent support from the Singapore government which would support the Burger Hut to run its operations smoothly. The political stability of the country would contribute towards the growth and development of the company (Weizhen, 2015). Economic Factors The economic factors of the country have a direct impact on the macro-environment of the company. Burger Hut has an opportunity to expand its operations globally from the expanding international trade agreements of the country (IE Singapore, 2017). The stable economic of the country would promote the growth of the company. Further, the growing economy of the developing countries paves the way for the expansion of market in developing countries. Socio-cultural Factors Singapore is a diverse country which is an opportunity for Burger Hut to introduce its innovative products into the market. Though the consumers have become more health conscious which could threaten the demand of burger because of its unhealthiness, yet, company has an opportunity to create innovative products which imbibe the healthfulness. The country has increasing concerns for animal rights advocacy which would again be a threatening element (Tan, 2014). This issue could also be addressed by modifying the existing supply chain and demonstrating the concerns on animal rights and welfare. Technological Factors The emerging technology paves way for new business opportunities. Burger Hut could incorporate the latest technology within its system to execute its operations effectively. The company also has the scope to target mobile users through mobile application. Further, Burger Hut could also invest into research and development activities to offer innovative products to the customers. Environmental Factors The changing climate could reduce the stability of the supply chain system, though this could also enhance sustainability of the company (National Environment Agency, 2017). The company could target customers who promote low-carbon lifestyles. Legal Factors The company would have to take care of the external regulatory factors which are governed by the country. Burger Hut would have the opportunity to expand its network through the support of countrys international trade agreements (IE Singapore, 2017). Further, the company would also be able to improve its operational activities in the process of following environmental protection laws. Smart Objectives SMART objective helps to design marketing goals which are specific, measurable, achievable, realistic and time bound (Steffans, 2015). A specific goal sets the limit of the goal which can be easily accomplished. A measurable goal helps to set concrete criteria which can be measured once the goal has been achieved. Achievable goal helps to figure out whether the achievable goal is attainable or not. A realistic goal gives the direction and time bound goal helps to achieve the goals within the time frame. SMART Objectives: To launch breakfast burger meal in the current fiscal year after research and analysis. To increase the sales of the company by 20 percent at the end of current fiscal year. The above two goals are specific, measurable, attainable, realistic and time bound. The first goal clearly defines the purpose and the time frame for the activity which is current fiscal year. The second goal is also specific with the figure 20 percent sales which would be measured at the end of the current fiscal year. Marketing Communication Strategy and Implementation Tactics Marketing communication is the strategy which is deployed by the companies to communicate their core message with the market (Fill Hughes, 2008). The core message could be about the product or service description to create awareness among the consumer base. Marketing communication has numerous tools which include advertising, personal selling, sales promotions, public relations, direct marketing, interactive marketing, branding and positioning. Advertising Advertising is one of the tools of marketing communication which is commonly used by the companies to market and sell their product in the market by sponsoring an open message in the public. Advertising could involve audio or visual form of communication. With the emerging technology, advertising has also adopted various forms which include online marketing, newspaper ads, radio advertising, television advertising, flyers and door hangers. Advertising can be further classified into traditional advertising and digital advertising. Traditional advertising uses the old methods of marketing communication such as newspaper ads, radio, flyers, billboards etc (Ang, 2014). On the other hand, digital marketing makes use of technological resources such as internet and mobile to promote the product or services. Online marketing is one of the tools of digital marketing, which focuses on the concrete message instead of plain advertising. It helps to build the image of the company by making the business online where huge base of consumer can access the information (Ryan, 2014). Few of the methods of online promotion are illustrated below: Website Development In todays changing global business context, every company maintains a website in order to build its reputation and increase the reach ability of target audience. This is due to the increasing usage of internet and mobile applications which has enabled customers to look for the information of products and services online (Ryan, 2014). Big players such as Burger King, McDonalds have developed their website and have build great reputation in terms of branding and positioning. Burger Hut also needs to develop its website in order to develop its credibility and authenticity. All the relevant information of the company would be displayed such as about us, product menu, location, contact details and other required information. (Source: Burger King, 2016). The template above describes the layout of the website which has been taken from Burger King. Email Marketing Email marketing is one of the commonly used strategies to attract the target audience by sending newsletters, discount coupons and other attractive emails. (Source: Behance, 2017). The above email marketing campaign is one of the advertising done by McDonalds. Email marketing campaign targets the customers who have opted to receive promotional emails, which implies that they would be interested to use the offer as well (Chaffey, 2012). Burger Hut needs to develop email marketing campaign for its new products and target its potential customers. For instance, strategy could be used to develop the image of healthy burger in the minds of consumers. Online Display Ads This is one of the prominent methods deployed by companies to promote their products. With the increasing usage of the internet, customer have begun to explore things online which makes web browser such as Google, Yahoo, Bing etc., a platform to advertise. Companies can display their ads online and market the products and services online. (Source: Lutz, 2015). The above online ad is one of the promotion activity conducted by Burger King. Burger Hut also needs to create online promotions for launching its new products in the market. The online ad must be able to create awareness of the new product and create a resonance effect in the minds of consumer. Personal Selling and Sales Promotion Personal selling is another commonly deployed method of marketing communication in which company hires sales force to have face to face interaction with the customer (Yeshin, 2012). Burger Hut could promote its new products through personal selling and sales promotion. The employed front staff of the company would play a significant role in the process. The customers have a direct connection with the front staff of the restaurant and front staff has the authority to convince the customer through persuasiveness. The front staff could suggest or recommend the consumer to buy the newly launched product of Burger Hut. They have a great opportunity to bring leads for the new product by convincing the existing customers. Customers tend to get influenced by the front staffs recommendations and suggestions. The front staff acts as a source of sales promotion for the company and has the authority to direct the customer towards the latest products. Public Relations, Direct Marketing, Interactive Marketing, Branding Positioning Public relations is a method which is used by the companies to build mutual beneficial relationship with the audience. Companies deploy PR specialist who can convince the audience to build their customer base. The job of the PR is to maintain a healthy relationship between the customer and organization to enhance the reputation of company. The process can include various methods such as press releases, writing speeches and pitches, conducting events for the public, market survey, blogging on the web, social media promotions and other online activities (Wynne, 2016). Burger King conducted Peace One Day campaign to create a connection with the people. The PR campaign delivered the message that if Burger King and McDonalds would stop fighting the war, they could make a bigger difference in the world. The visual ad demonstrated that both the companies could maintain friendly business relation with each other to work with harmony and bring peace. The campaign advertised one of the popular burgers of the Burger King called Whooper. Similarly, Burger Hut could also adopt any such PR tool to create deeper emotional connection with its audience. Direct marketing is selling the product or services through retail outlets or telephone order (nowadays online orders). A company can use many tools to communicate the message to the customers through mobile text, email, website, fliers and other marketing tools. Burger Hut would need to introduce its new products across all the retail outlets of the country to ensure the customers can buy them at their nearest store. Interactive Marketing deploys two way communication process to facilitate the consumer to connect with the company, for instance, a query raised by a customer on the website. Burger Hut could also introduce interactive marketing to connect with its customers. Branding and Positioning helps to build the image of the company in the minds of the consumers. Branding is one of the key elements of successful marketing for a product and service (Ferrell Hartline, 2013). It gives the company an edge over the competitors (Shankar Carpenter, 2012). After analyzing the marketing strategy of Burger King and McDonalds it can be concluded that both the companies have developed their image and reputation through branding. Burger King has given name to its entire product range which is an ingredient of branding. A name is very helpful to position the product in the minds of the consumers. Therefore, Burger Hut also needs to develop names for the new products and strategically develop the marketing plan for their launch. Positioning Statement: Now enjoy the most scrumptious breakfast meal at Burger Hut. Proposed Evaluation and Control Methods After analyzing the marketing strategies of Burger King and Mcdonalds, an evaluation can be done which would help in the launch of Burger Huts new products. Burger Hut needs to consider few of the parameters as discussed below to ensure effective marketing campaign. Return on Investment: While developing a business strategy, company must consider the investment it would have to make for the project and what would be the estimated results (Lamb, Hair McDaniel, 2011). Burger Hut needs to project the probable sales figure and calculate the return on investment to analyze the profitability. Sales Figures: Burger Hut must keep a track of the sales figure to check whether the overall sales are boosting or declining. This is the fastest and basic method to determine the success of project. Expansion: The efficiency of marketing plan can be analyzed by reviewing the market reach ability of the company. If more and more customers are attracted by the new product then the marketing plan has succeeded. Response of Customer: It is the key element of any marketing plan and must be analyzed to determine the success of the project (Cant, Strydom, Jooste Plessis, 2009). Burger Hut must conduct a survey to analyze the consumer response of the products to take reviews and feedback from the consumers. The survey may be conducted offline or online. Partner Response: The response from the partners helps to evaluate the efficiency of the marketing plan. The partners are the outside team members who can help to evaluate the marketing plan by considering the reviews of the customers. Sales Force: It is wise to take the feedback from the employees of the company to determine the success of the marketing plan. The sales staff for Burger Hut is the front office staff, who are directly linked to the customers. They have already had a real time experience with the customer which makes them understand the requirement if the customers more deeply. From their personal experiences they can share the feedback of the customers which would help the company to determine the efficiency of the marketing plan. In case the feedback is positive, the plan has been proved to be successful and if the feedback is negative then a revision in the plan is required. Response of Competitor: Competitors response proves to be very helpful to determine the success of the plan. If the competitors try to imitate the Burger Hut then the plan has proved to be successful. Sample Print Advertisement: Layout and Copy After thorough research and analysis of the competitors of Burger Hut, a sample layout of print advertisement can be drawn reflecting the objectives of the marketing plan. (Source: Burger King, 2016). The above print ad helps to position the new product launch of Burger Hut and position the product in the minds of consumer by creating resonance effect. Coherent drama is developed through the positioning statement in the ad Now enjoy the most scrumptious breakfast meal at Burger Hut. The resonance effect would remind the consumer of the ad campaign when the consumer would be looking for a breakfast meal. References Ang, L. (2014). Integrated Marketing Communications:A focus on new technologies and advanced theories. Melbourne: Cambridge University Press.Behance. (2017). McDonalds Value Lunch. Behance. Retrieved from: https://www.behance.net/gallery/4574137/McDonalds-Egypt Burger King. (2016). About Us. Burger King. Retrieved from: https://www.burgerking.com.sg/About Cant, M.C., Strydom, J.W., Jooste, C.J., Plessis, P.J. (2009). Marketing Management. Juta and Company Ltd.Chaffey, D. (2012). Total E-Mail Marketing. Burlington: Routledge. Ferrell, O.C., Hartline, M. (2013). Marketing Strategy, Text and Cases. Australia: Cengage Learning. Fill, C., Hughes, G. (2008). Marketing Communications. UK: Routledge IE Singapore. (2017). Singapore Free Trade Agreements. IE Singapore. Retrieved from: https://www.iesingapore.gov.sg/Trade-From-Singapore/International-Agreements/free-trade-agreements/Singapore-FTA Lamb, C.W., Hair, J.F., McDaniel, C. (2011). Essentials of Marketing. US: Cengage Learning.Lutz, A. (2015). Burger King is putting chicken fries on the menu for good. Business Insider. Retrieved from: https://www.businessinsider.in/Burger-King-is-putting-chicken-fries-on-the-menu-for-good/articleshow/46665587.cms McDonalds. (2015). Burgers. McDonalds. Retrieved from: https://www.mcdonalds.com.sg/our-food/mcdonalds/burgers/ National Environment Agency. (2017). Climate Change. National Environment Agency.Retrieved from: https://www.nea.gov.sg/energy-waste/climate-change Ryan, D. (2014). Understanding Digital Marketing:Marketing Strategies for Engaging the Digital Generation. Britain: Kogan Page Publishers. Sena, M. (2017). Fast Food Industry Analysis 2017. Franchise Help. Retrieved from: https://www.franchisehelp.com/industry-reports/fast-food-industry-report/ Shankar, V., Carpenter, G.S. (2012). Handbook of Marketing Strategy. UK: Edward Elgar Publishing. Steffans, G. (2015). The SMART Criteria:The SMART way to set objectives. Belgium: 50 Minutes.Tan, A. (2014). 4 things to know about the new law on improving animal welfare in Singapore. Straitstime. Retrieved from: https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/4-things-to-know-about-the-new-law-on-improving-animal-welfare-in-singaporeWeizhen, T. (2015). Singapore still 3rd in world competitiveness ranking: Study. Channelnewsasia. Retrieved from: https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/business/singapore-still-3rd-in/1876922.htmlWynne, R. (2016). Five Things Everyone Should Know About Public Relations. Retrieved from: https://www.forbes.com/sites/robertwynne/2016/01/21/five-things-everyone-should-know-about-public-relations/# 516527df436bYeshin, T. (2012). Integrated Marketing Communications. Britain: Routledge.

Trifles By Susan Glaspell Essays - Trifles, Susan Glaspell, Quilting

Trifles by Susan Glaspell Steven Fiorillo The thesis of this paper is to prove that the title of Susan Glaspell's play "Trifles" represents how men considered women's duties and their opinions to be of little importance compared to a man's role in society. The dictionary defines the word trifle as something of little importance or value, or to deal with something as if it were of little significance or value (The American Heritage Dictionary). The play opens in Minnie Wright's kitchen. Minnie's husband has been murdered, he was found strangled with a rope around his neck. The County Attorney, the Sheriff, his wife and a few neighbors are there. The Sheriff, the attorney and the men set up the task of investigating the murder. The women, however, are concerned with the appearance of the house, especially the kitchen. The word trifle is used once in the play to indicate how the men think of what the women. are doing in the kitchen while the men are trying to solve the murder. The women were in the kitchen discussing the fact that Minnie was concerned about her fruit preserves. The County Attorney makes the statement: "I guess before we're through she may have something more serious than preserves to worry about." Mr. Hale responds with: "Well, women are used to worrying over trifles." Because the women were concerned with cleaning and tidying the kitchen, which men considered trifle, the men overlooked that area and went out to find some real clues. However, the real clue to solving the murder was found in the kitchen. Mrs. Hale and Mrs. Peters find a birdcage in the kitchen cupboard. They discuss the fact that Minnie must have had a bird at one time, but do not connect it with the murder at first. This is an example of how the men considered what the women were doing of no importance. Mrs. Wright had requested a few things from the house, her apron, shawl and some clothes. While the women were gathering these things, they came across her quilting and were discussing whether or not they thought Mrs. Wright was going to keep on quilting or knot the quilt and finish it. The men came downstairs and laughed at the women. The Sheriff said, "They wonder if she was going to quilt it or just knot it!" Mrs. Hale said, "I don't know as there's anything so strange, our takin' up our time with little things while we're waiting for them to get the evidence. I don't see as it's anything to laugh about." This is another example of how what the women were doing was considered trifle, of no importance to the investigation. However, as the women were looking for patches to fix the quilt, they came across a dead canary wrapped in a piece of silk. The canary's neck had been broken. The County Attorney came in and saw the birdcage and asked "Has the bird flown?" The women told him that they thought the cat had gotten it. The women were starting to put the facts together. The women connected the fact that Mr. Wright had killed the canary by breaking his neck, and in turn Mrs. Wright killed her husband by strangling him with a rope. The men completely missed the point because what the women were doing had no significance to the investigation. They were more interested if anyone came in through the windows. The County Attorney said to the Sheriff, "No sign at all of anyone having come from the outside. Their own rope. Now Let's go up again and go over it piece by piece." The word trifle had more than one meaning in this play. The women's duties were considered trifle, to be insignificant. As a result the men never found the clues necessary to solve the case. In addition, Mrs. Wright's life was also considered to be trifle, she had no children, and did not participate in any community activities. The title of the play adds to our understanding of the play's characters and theme by showing that the birdcage also represented something trifle to the investigation. The men did not consider this a clue, but the women realized that Mrs. Wright was

The Color Of Water Book Review Essays - Hairstyles, Rachel Green

The Color Of Water Book Review Phillip Souzek Susan Vervaet English 111 Section (06) September 27, 2000 The Color of Water: Book Review In this memoir, the author chooses to have two narrators, himself as one, and his mother as the other. This style makes for quite an interesting story, skipping back and forth in time, from the childs life, to that of his mother. Although many time changes occur, they are quite easy to keep up with, as the two narrators of the book, James, and his mother, alternate chapters. For this reason, it is also very easy to compare the childhood of each of the main characters. Although the chapters arent always during the same time periods of the respective characters, they are close enough that similarities can be seen, and parallels can be drawn. This is one of my favorite parts of the novel, seeing the main character, James, grow up with his mother Rachel. In summary, the author tells the story of both his mother, and himself growing up. His mother was raised Jewish, but became Christian before James was born, which was thus the religion he was raised in. Both had very strict discipline, in their respective religions. The memoir focuses more on Rachel, who grows up in a Jewish family living in a country and area where Jews are not well received. After surviving this, and sexual abuse as a child, Rachel goes on to run away from home, and marries a caring black man from New York. Here she settles down, has a family, and raises twelve kids, while being constantly harassed because of her marriage, as well as her children, who are all of a different color than her. After eight children, her husband dies, and she remarries to a man of similar morals, race, and discipline. James, the final child of the original father, grows up knowing only the step-father as daddy, and suffers the hardships of growing up in a multi-racial family, which alway s seems to be in the minority. This memoir was written mainly for the authors interest, and not the readers, which definitely makes it unique. Although it is just like any other book, in that its successfulness will be judged by sales as well as how it affects readers, the author only went through all of the research done in writing this book in order to quench his own thirst for finding out where his roots lay. This is quite evident in the reading, which seems to mention the history, and story behind nearly everyone, as well as every place. This makes for many interesting stories, but often-times ones that are too preoccupied with showing the reader what it meant to the author, and not as concerned with the enjoyment of the reader. This, of course, spawns another problem. With an author who is only concerned with showing the reader how it affected himself, you are deprived of what you really want to know about a given character. James has eleven brothers and sisters, all of which have something to add to the story, and yet the exposition given to each of them is far from satisfactory. Much more detail could have been given on what they thought of their mother, how each of them found out about her, who teaches and lives the motto Dont tell anyone your business. For this reason, the children have the challenge of digging up the truth about their mother, and James takes it to the next level, by writing a book. What the book does offer a younger reader, like myself, is insight as to what it was like to grow in the 1950s and 60s in a biracial family. The hardships that these children, James especially, and his mother endure, are depicted quite well. Each shows how strong of a person Rachel was, and also helped to strengthen the children, which would benefit them later in life. However, the most important thing that came from these anecdotes of racism in the memoir was what it taught me, as a reader. The way that Mommy reacted during each of these instances showed that you truly could ignore people that have nothing good to say, and get away with it. She can

How to Develop and Organize a Classification Essay

How to Develop and Organize a Classification Essay Classification is a method of developing an essay by arranging people, objects, or ideas with shared characteristics into particular classes or groups. After you have settled on a topic for a classification essay*  and explored it through various prewriting strategies, you should be ready to attempt a first draft. Here is how to develop and organize a five-paragraph classification essay. Introductory Paragraph In your introduction, clearly identify your subject - in this case, the group you are classifying. If you have narrowed your subject in any way (for example, types of bad drivers, rock guitarists, or annoying moviegoers), make this clear from the start. You may also want to provide some specific descriptive or informative details to attract the interest of your readers and suggest the purpose of the essay. Finally, include a thesis sentence (usually at the end of the introduction) that briefly identifies the main types or approaches that youre about to examine.   Heres an example of a short but effective introductory paragraph to a classification essay: Its a warm evening in July, and all across the country Americans are gathering to watch a game of professional baseball. Armed with hot dogs and cold drinks, they stroll to their seats, some in grand stadiums, others in cozy minor-league parks. But no matter where the game is played, you will find the same three types of baseball fan: the Party Rooter, the Sunshine Supporter, and the Diehard Fan. Notice how this introduction creates certain expectations. The specific details provide a setting (a ballpark on a warm evening in July) in which we expect to see the various fans described. In addition, the labels assigned to these fans (the Party Rooter, the Sunshine Supporter, and the Diehard Fan) lead us to expect descriptions of each type in the order theyre given. A good writer will go on to fulfill these expectations in the body of the essay. Body Paragraphs Begin each body paragraph with a topic sentence that identifies a particular type of approach. Then  illustrate each type with specific details. Arrange your body paragraphs in whatever order strikes you as clear and logical - say, from the least effective approach to the most effective, or from the most common type to the least familiar (or the other way around). Just make sure that the order of your body paragraphs matches the arrangement promised in your thesis sentence. Here, in the body of the essay on baseball fans, you can see that the writer has fulfilled the expectations set up in the introduction. (In each body paragraph, the topic sentence is in italics.) The Party Rooter goes to games for the hot dogs, the gimmicks, the giveaways, and the companionship; hes not really that interested in the ballgame itself. The Party Rooter is the sort of fan who shows up on Buck-a-Brew Night, often with a gang of fellow partiers. He cracks jokes, hurls peanuts at the team mascot, applauds the exploding scoreboard, blasts an electronic horn whenever he pleases- and occasionally nudges a companion and asks, Hey, whos winning? The Party Rooter often wanders out of the park in the sixth or seventh inning to continue his celebrations in the car on the way home.The Sunshine Supporter, usually a more common type than the Party Rooter, goes to the park to cheer on a winning team and bask in its glory. When the home side is on a winning streak and still in contention for a playoff spot, the stadium will be packed with this sort of fan. As long as her team is winning, the Sunshine Supporter will be roaring at every play, waving her pennant and shouting out th e names of her heroes. However, as the name implies, the Sunshine Supporter is a fickle fan, and her cheers quickly turn to boos when a hero strikes out or drops a line drive. She will stay around until the end of the game to celebrate a victory, but should her team fall a few runs behind, shes likely to slip out to the parking lot during the seventh-inning stretch.​Diehard Fans are also strong supporters of the local team, but they go to the park to watch good baseball, not just to root for a winner.  More attentive to the game than other fans, Diehards will study the stance of a power hitter, note the finesse of a quick fielder, and anticipate the strategy of a pitcher who has fallen behind in the count. While the Party Rooter is chugging a beer or dropping wisecracks, Diehards may be filling in a scorecard or commenting on a players RBI tally over the past few months. And when a Sunshine Supporter boos an opposing player for tagging out a local hero, Diehards may be quie tly applauding the expert moves of this enemy infielder. No matter what the score is, Diehard Fans remain in their seats until the last batter is out, and they may still be talking about the game long after its over.​ Notice how the writer uses comparisons to ensure cohesion in the body of the essay. The topic sentence in both  the second and third paragraphs refers to the preceding paragraph. Likewise, in the third body paragraph, the writer draws explicit contrasts between the Diehards and the other two types of baseball fans. Such comparisons not only provide smooth transitions from one paragraph to the next but also reveal the sympathies of the writer. He begins with the type of fan he likes the least and ends with the one he most admires. We now expect the writer to justify his attitudes in the conclusion. Concluding Paragraph The concluding paragraph gives you an opportunity to draw together the various types and approaches you have been examining in the body of the essay. You may choose to offer a final brief comment on each one, summarizing its value or its limitations. Or you may want to recommend one approach over the others and explain why. In any case, make sure that your conclusion clearly emphasizes the purpose of your classification. In the concluding paragraph to Baseball Fans, consider whether the author has been successful in his effort to tie his observations together. Professional baseball would have trouble surviving without all three types of fans. The Party Rooters provide much of the money that owners need to hire talented players. The Sunshine Supporters bring a stadium to life and help boost the morale of the home team. But only the Diehard Fans maintain their support all season long, year in and year out. By late September in most ballparks, enduring chilly winds, rain delays, and sometimes humiliating losses, only the Diehards remain. Notice how the writer hooks his conclusion back to the introduction by contrasting the chilly night in September with the warm evening in July. Connections such as this help to unify an essay and give it a sense of completeness. As you develop and organize your draft, experiment with various strategies, but keep this basic format in mind: an introduction that identifies your subject and the different types of approaches; three (or more) body paragraphs that rely on specific details to describe or illustrate the types; and a conclusion that draws your points together and makes the overall purpose of the classification clear.

Nutrition and Nursing Fundamentals Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Nutrition and Nursing Fundamentals - Assignment Example An anticoagulant is a medication taken mainly by people who experience health problems caused by blood clots in the body, such as strokes, deep vein thrombosis and other related cases as a blood thinner. It is mostly injected under the skin as it comes in a solution form. Only a health provider can administer this drug since its dosage varies with different patients. Like any other drug, this medication has its side effects. The effects are a rash or itching at the injection point, makes a patient experience dizziness, confusion and sleepiness as it affects the nervous system. Cases of low blood pressure are also extremely common in patients who are on anticoagulant medication. It is an exceptionally strong medication hence it's severe side effects that a patient has to cope with in the treatment process. They are situations where this drug can interact with some food types taken by a patient. Foods such as Kale, broccoli, spinach and tulip greens which are recommended by nutritionists as good blood-boosting supplements in a diet contain vitamin K. This vitamin reduces the effectiveness of anticoagulants as it produces blood- clotting substances. Therefore, in this case, the interaction of the drug and the food may have negative impacts on a patient. A patient is advised to avoid foods containing vitamin K as well as vitamin E as they prolong clotting time. From this research, it is clear that food and drug interactions can have negative impacts on the health of a patient. Therefore, medical practitioners should give advice to patients on what foods to avoid when on medication. This would create awareness to patients since many of them take drugs with foods that interact. This poses them to severe health related issues even when on  medication.

Uncompleted crime Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Uncompleted crime - Essay Example Article 105 of the Penal Law of New York contains the conspiracy of crime. There are various elements of conspiracy of crime in the historical statute of New York. First, the must be an agreement of persons in a contract to perform unlawful or illegal action. A conspiracy of crime is valid if different parties agree to carry out unlawful action. For example, in Mulcahy v R (1868) case, there was an evident of presence of an agreement between different persons. If the agreement is not present, the conspiracy of crime is invalid, and no conviction occur on the conspiracy. For example, in R v Thomson (1966), the charge failed due to lack of agreement between people to undertake unlawful action. Secondly, for the conspiracy case to be valid, the prosecution must give a clear evidence of the intention of various parties to join in the agreement for the purpose of carrying out a criminal activity. A case on conspiracy of crime can only be valid if there are clear intentions of parties involved either. Therefore, the conspiracy incorporates criminal liability according to the person’s intention. In the current Penal law, there are four main elements of conspiracy. To begin with, the actus Reus of conspiracy is present when an agreement by parties to carry out unlawful action is made. This means that, even if the planned action of the involved parties does not occur, parties are liable for committing conspiracy of crime (Gupta, 2013). The main purpose of their agreement must be clearly identified during the jurisdiction of the cases. The prosecution must highlight the main purpose of the agreement. If the purpose of the agreement is harmful to the public or cause fraud, the valid charge can be provided in the court of laws. In addition, conspiracy can also happen when there is unlawful purpose of the agreement, but the means applied in action is illegal (Harding, 1982). The overt act is greatly necessary in charging the conspiracy of crime. For

Internal Controls Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Internal Controls - Essay Example The accounting function should be given to an individual who does not have the custody of the collections (Meigs & Meigs, 1993). There is a possibility of the head usher and the record keeper working together to under-report the collections made, with a sharing of the pocketed amounts. They can work together to undermine the system. If the head usher were to count the collection in front of the other ushers, it could serve as a counter-verification of the collections. But here again there is a possibility of the head usher working together with the other ushers to pocket some money. In fact the Rector of the Church should be present when the ushers gather together, give their separate collections to the head usher and then the total money is put together and counted. The installation of a surveillance camera in the basement room in secret, and another on the way down at a strategic point should be accomplished without anyone’s knowledge except for the Rector of the Church. Ano ther loophole is available because the Church asks all check contributors to make their checks payable to Cash. This amounts to giving a chance to anyone who pockets a check to cash the money without being detected.

Parable Of The Prodigal Son Analysis Religion Essay

Parable Of The Prodigal Son Analysis Religion Essay In the Bible, one can find many different ways in which the text of the Bible demonstrates basic principles and standards through stories, poetry, narratives, prophecy, and apocalyptic literature. The most common in the Gospels, of the teachings of Jesus Christ, is the parable. What is a parable? A parable is a fictitious story designed to teach a lesson through comparison or contrast. For this paper, we will examine the Parable of the Prodigal Son, found in the fifteenth chapter of Luke. In this paper, we will explore the theme of the theme the chapter in which the Parable of the Prodigal son is found, as well as the parables interpretation, and practical applications. The Parable of the Prodigal Son taught by Jesus was proclaimed to teach forgiveness. However, before we can further examine its theme, a historical and literary analysis of the Gospel of Luke must be conducted to enhance the readers approach to how one comprehends this books message. The dating of the third Gospel is important in grasping the historicity of it. While the exact year of authorship is not known, many scholars believe it was written between 60-85 A.D. One may also note that the third Gospel does not directly identify its author. (Roberts). We are left to examine the internal and external evidence in order to draw the most plausible conclusion. The piece of evidence, which drives some to Lukes authorship of the third gospel, is that the author presents himself as Pauls companion and is pointed out in Pauls writings in Philemon 24 and Colossians 4:14 as one of Pauls traveling companions. While the dating and authorship of the third gospel have been established, the context for the parable of the prodigal son and the elder brother in Luke 15:11-32 in Jesus ministry seems à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦to be a story designed by Jesus to put in perspectiveà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦what God was doing as he consorted with sinners. (Nolland). By the time the reader arrives at the fifteenth chapter of the gospel of Luke, they have already seen Jesus experience encounters with numerous situations of confronting sinners including: the angered people in the Temple on the Sabbath day in Nazareth in Luke 4:28-29, the judgmental Pharisees watching Jesus heal the man with a withered hand on the Sabbath in Luke 6:6-11, the sinful woman with an alabaster flask of ointment in Luke 7:36-50, and a Samaritan village which rejected Jesus in Luke 9:51-56. These events, which lead up to Jesus telling the parable of the prodigal son, seemed to build up to a strategic location of order for this parable for God to spea k through the author of the importance of forgiveness. While historical background of the Gospel of Luke is important, the literary background of it is equally exigent. The passage of Luke 15:11-32 is an allegorical, realistic story, which is rich in homely detail and characterization. (Drury). If the parable is read or heard as solely anecdotal, it may be entertaining, but it does not do accomplish the goal of the speaker. While the overall purpose of this parable is mainly to offer the reader or hearer a new understanding of the situation and to lead them to make a decision, the story also forms together to break into two separate stories of one family which ties together at the end of the parable. The first focuses on the prodigal son in verses 11-24, and second on the elder brother in verses 25-32. In both parts of the story the focus is first on the son and then on the father. (Talbert). Historically and literarily viewing what is commonly known as the Parable of the Prodigal Son is imperative in journeying through an examination of this parable. Authors Interpretation of the Parable Since the purpose of this paper is to express how Jesus told the Parable of the Prodigal Son to teach forgiveness, this portion of this paper will concentrate on verses 11-32 of Luke. This section of the paper will show the detailed specification of how Jesus taught people with relevant topics in every persons life, namely forgiveness. The parables beginning is one that shows the choices of the younger son. Verses 11-13 begin this parable. Verse 11 begins the parable by stating, A certain man had two sons. (The Holy Bible, KJV/AMP). This verse gives the reader the facts of the people involved in this story. There was a certain man, and this man had to have two sons. After the reader is introduced to the basic facts of the story, verses 12-13 show the choices of the younger son. The key portion of verses 12-13 is shown in the latter portion of verse 13 where the text states, there wasted his substance with riotous living The word riotous shows the sinful act of the younger son. This portion must be where the younger son first sinned in the story due to his ignoring that his father had a moral claim on his property, that his father, so long as he lived, had a right to call, in case of necessity, upon the sons labour and his savings. (Derret). Verses 14-16 shows the dilemma of the younger son. Verse 14 expresses the difficult dilemma the youngest son finds himself in is two-fold: he squandered the money, and a famine ensued. This famine is no ordinary famine. The famine is a severe famine. (The Holy Bible, NIV). As a result, the younger son is forced to feed pigs in verse 15. Because the feeding of pigs was highly frowned upon in the Jewish culture as is shown in Leviticus 11:7 and Deuteronomy 14:8, this act continues to lead the son further away from the father The next verse, verse 16, shows a true act of desperation and shows how quickly the younger son came to the realization that pigs were eating better than he did. Verses 17-19 express the younger son coming to his senses as to what is truly wise for his life not only for food, but also for seeking forgiveness and mending a relationship he had previously injured. Although he made a major mistake in his life, he finally came to the point of realization that he was wrong, and he must go to his father to seek forgiveness. Verses 18 and 19 represent what the younger son says he will say when he seeks his fathers forgiveness. Verse 19 shows where the prodigal son feels he has burnt his bridges, and he is literally no longer worthy to be called his fathers son.15 He is so humbled at this point that he asks for the opportunity to even be a hired servant. Verse 20 represents a reunion between a father and son who, despite conflict in their relationship, sought reconciliation beginning in this verse. The father was so excited about the return of his son that he ran out, embraced him, and kissed him. (The Message). This action by the father was contrary to all custom; in the near East, a mature man loses all dignity when he runs. (Schweizer). This greeting from the father running to the younger son was one of warmth and forgiveness. Verse 21 contains the deliverance of the rehearsed speech from verses 18 and 19. The younger son finally asked for forgiveness after so much time of disobedience. The father did not interrupt the son to cause him to fail conclude the previously rehearsed speech of forgiveness. Not only was a kiss on the cheek a sign of forgiveness, but also a sign of reconciliation. As this action from the father represented the forgiveness and reconciliation, the robe represented a sign of honor, the ring represented a sign of authority, the shoes a sign of a free man, and the feast a sign of joy. Verses 27-30 show the older brother with an opposite response than the father pertaining to the return of his brother. Instead of excitement, he was bitter and jealous. During this bitterness the older brother was just as sinful as his younger brother who sinned in other ways. Verses 31-32 conclude the parable of Luke 15:11-32 and marks the response by the father to the elder brother. The father reminds his eldest son all that I have is thine, signifying that all that is left is his to inherit. (The Holy Bible, KJV/AMP) Nevertheless, he also reminds him about his brother, who was thought dead, has returned alive to them. I believe Jesus included this parable in his ministry to remind the people that God, the Father, like the father in the Parable of the Prodigal Son, is willing to allow his children to venture off and explore the world. When his children make a mess out of their situation and are not worthy to come back Him, God stands waiting and watching for his children to return. And when they do, He is there to embrace them with open arms, clothe them with honor, and celebrate their return. Practical Application of the Parable The Parable of the Prodigal son is a story that expresses the reality of giving into temptation, the jealousy that comes as a result of sibling rivalry, the forgiveness of a loving father. The reality of giving into temptation is one that occurs by all people as all have sinned and fallen short of God glory. This story began with the younger son giving into temptation in verse twelve by saying, Father, give me the part of the estate that lays upon me. As Enron employees saw an easy opening of temptation cross their paths, they, too gave into temptation, and faced consequences for that. Although the parable of the prodigal son is a story which was told over 2,000 years ago, it still teaches the same lesson in the twenty-first century which was intended back then. Not only does the parable of the prodigal son and the elder brother teach the reality of giving into temptation, but it also teaches the reality of being jealous because of sibling rivalry. The jealousy the elder brother showed in verses 29 and 30 of Luke chapter 15 was apparent when the elder brother said to his father, I have been serving you for so many years and I have never passed by a command of yoursà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦but when this son of yours cameà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦you sacrificed the fattened calf for him. These verses are similar to any sibling rivalry of children growing up and the situation occurs where one child receives more attention, a nicer Christmas present, or is just simply not favored as much as their sibling. This is present to different extents in many siblings relationships. As this was true in this parable, it is also true today. The parable of the prodigal son and the elder brother concludes by the father teaching the elder brother through his fatherly wisdom that its important to look past the previous mistakes of his younger brother and to celebrate the repentance and return of a fellow family member. Just like then, the Parable of the Prodigal Son illustrates the forgiveness of the Father in Heaven. When his children slip and fall from the grace of God, God does not turn his back on his children and forget about them. Instead, God is always waiting for us to return. Moreover, when we do return, He will welcome us into his arms and place us back at the table where we belong. Reflective Conclusion By doing this assignment,

Essay --

The Continuum Hypothesis: Shyness, Social Anxiety and Avoidant Personality Disorder In today’s extroverted world, the shy temperament has become synonymous with insecurity, social anxiety, functional deficits, inhibited social skills, avoidant social behavior and impaired behavioral, somatic and cognitive symptoms in social settings. However, shyness has been suggested to lie on a spectrum ranging from normative shyness to a pathological state of extreme social phobia and avoidant personality disorder. The distinction among the varying levels of shyness on the continuum has been a topic of interest to current researchers, specifically qualifying normative shyness from highly shy, and highly shy individuals with and without social phobia. The difference between an individual with shyness and one with social phobia can be explained by comparing how the two approach social situations, and how they respond cognitively, behaviorally and physiologically. A shy person might go to a social event but feel uncomfortable and not enjoy themselves very much. However , an individual with social phobia may not even be able to make themselves go to the event at all. Differing levels on the shyness continuum differ markedly in measures of symptom intensity, daily functioning, quality of life, and anxiety and performance in social settings or conversation tasks (Chavira, Stein & Malcarne, 2002). Individuals with social phobia differ most significantly from those with high shyness and no social phobia in dimensions such as number of social fears, avoidance of social environments, negative thinking and physiological symptoms. Even people with shyness experience much higher quality of life and less functional impairment than those with soci... ...hibiting than the generalized type. However, in the highly shy group, most diagnoses were for generalized social phobia, indicating that highly shy individuals experience more interactional fears than performance based fears, which are common of non generalized social phobia and a limited type of social fears (Chavira, Stein & Malcarne, 2002). The central finding of the study was that 49% of highly shy individuals and 18% of normative shyness were diagnosed with social phobia (Chavira, Stein & Malcarne, 2002). This distinction supports the assertion that shyness and social phobia are significantly related. Additionally, the results of the study support the continuum hypothesis which dictates that higher shyness levels towards the end of the spectrum create greater susceptibility to psychiatric diagnoses such as social phobia and avoidant personality disorder.

Extreme Couponers Essay

1. Look at the examples of extreme behaviors described in the article, then go online and find one more example of extreme consumers. Describe it in detail and discuss how you would deal with these consumers if you were a marketer for the company whose product(s) these extreme consumers are infatuated with. 2. Why do you think so many managers actively avoid or are wary of extreme consumers?  Another example of an extreme consumer is the shopper who radically values savings, specifically those achieved through the use of couponing. You may have heard about them from the television, or even waited in line behind one at the grocery store. These are people who go to extremes to save money by spending copious amounts of time clipping coupons from paper media advertisements. Often manufacturers will promote their goods by offering a limited discount if you redeem one of the coupons they have distributed through their marketing channels. It has even become something of a fad with television shows such as â€Å"Extreme Couponing,† which highlights some of these super-savvy consumers. As a marketer for one of these companies distributing these savings, I would embrace the shopper who takes the time to search for deals by offering more savings for continued purchases or even higher quantity orders. Even with a reduced profit margin, the company will see increased revenues through number of units sold. Managers may actively or even passively avoid some of these extreme consumers because they are intimidated by their product knowledge or they just don’t want to dedicate a larger portion of time to someone who has an obvious infatuation. They may dismiss these people as crazy or neurotic and simply not devote any part of their day to minding them. It would be better to encourage them and consequently heightening the consumer’s already loyal tendencies.

Minimum Wage Essay Example

Minimum Wage Essay Example Minimum Wage Essay Minimum Wage Essay Increasing the lower limit pay has been considered to be one factor that consequences in higher unemployment rate. Assorted writers on this capable lineation different positions on the effects of increasing the lower limit pay on unemployment rate. One survey shows that consequence on increasing the lower limit pay varies in different economic systems. Another says increasing pay rates does non impact unemployment rate. And. there are besides surveies which indicate that there is an consequence although non that important in impacting business loss. This paper aims to show issues that will supply clear positions on whether an addition in the minimal pay consequences in higher unemployment rate. Wage rate is the representation of the non-existent to the slightest bargaining power of the work force ( Bernstein and Schmitt. n. d. ) . Increasing the lower limit pay is done to relieve poorness. ( Macpherson. 2005 ; Bernstein and Schmitt. n. d. ) . Its chief end is to assist low-wage workers uplift their income and get by up with the lifting cost of life ( Page. et Al. . 1999 ) . However. it has been criticized because of its sick consequence on employers’ concern. It has been said that an addition in the minimal pay rate would do unemployment. There had been surveies about the effects of the minimal pay rate hiking. but they do non indicate out to one result. Different economic systems have different results when subjected to minimum pay addition ( Fields and Kanbur. 2005 ) . Different states have comparative consequences when an addition in the pay rate is implemented. However. it will surely be effectual for the low-wage earners. An analysis made by Burkhauser and Sabia ( 2005 ) showed that an addition in the minimal pay rate has non been effectual every bit far as poverty relief is concerned because the addition was given merely to low-wage earners. Other workers gaining higher pay but were besides within the poorness degree were non granted similar addition. as such merely those employed in minimal pay rate occupations were able to recognize the benefits. The consequence of the pay rate. in this instance. does non needfully turn to the demands of those with low incomes. Not all people that are in demand of the pay addition are working at a minimum-wage gaining business. Increasing the lower limit pay is besides believed to be favourable for the hapless working work forces and adult females. However. its effects are far from helpful. in fact. increasing the lower limit pay is hurtful to concern and may ensue to unemployment. The pay hiking will do the wage of low-wage occupations to be tantamount to the wages of those in higher occupation degrees. Since these occupations have higher demands in footings of accomplishments. the least skilled are more likely to be laid off from work. A minimal pay rate hiking and its consequence on unemployment were seen in the survey of Brown ( 1988 as cited by Burkhauser and Sabia. 2005 ) . An addition in the pay rate caused a little lessening in the employment of adolescents. The lessening upheld the theorized addition in unemployment rate for an addition in the minimal pay rate. A survey besides showed that it is non a affair of how much the labourer is gaining. the wage that a worker receives. which will better in instance of a minimal pay addition. but the employment position of the worker. These workers are more likely to be dismissed when a company suffers loss. in the signifier of higher operational costs. as a consequence of lower limit pay hiking. ( Deere. 1998 ) . The survey farther showed that non all workers gaining a minimal pay rate are really hapless and may non in demand of the addition ( Burkhauser and Sabia. 2005 ) . Most of the workers that will profit from pay addition are the immature workers. aged 24 or younger ( Macpherson. 2005 ) . The workers that are aged 24 or younger are largely employed in these minimum-wage earning businesss. In add-on. a higher pay would intend more interested workers but due to the excess of workers. a herding out would happen or less hours of work would be allotted per individual. This would ensue to a diminution in the net incomes of each worker ( Page. et Al. . 1999 ) . Macpherson’s survey ( 2005 ) in Pennsylvania indicated that an addition in the minimal pay rate would truly be dearly-won for employers and therefore. lead to mass laying-off of workers. Few houses are able to go on operation given the addition in pay rates. hence merely few workers are needed. The company may retain more workers but may cut down the working hours for each employee. In both instances. the low pay earners are the 1s affected because they may acquire the coveted addition in pay but may stop up passing small clip for work. hence cut downing their income. However. a survey indicated that retail occupations are the lone occupations which prove that higher lower limit pay rates decrease the employment ( Fox. 2006 ) . For other houses. it would be better to prosecute in other plans that may advance addition in work-hours alternatively of increasing the minimal pay rate to actuate employees. One manner to relieve poorness is to see the household income of low-wage earners. Widening non-monetary benefits will somehow better the lives of minimal pay earners and can be given to them in stead of the pay addition. ( Burkhauser and Sabia. 2005 ) . Minimal pay hikings are good to workers and companies likewise. It keeps the workers to remain in the company for a long clip. therefore developing trueness to the occupation. Although allowing an addition in pay to workers may add up to runing disbursals of a company. still it is benefited in the long tally because it will non incur cost on developing new workers. Fox. 2006 ) . Periodic grant of an addition in the minimal pay rate is needed to augment workers’ income. such that they are able to get by up with the lifting cost of life. The slightest addition in their rewards raises the workers’ economic wellbeing since it makes them more capable of financing the most basic demands of the household. This is peculiarly true for workers who are the caputs of the families ( Burkhauser and Sabia. 2005 ; Bernstein. et Al. . 1999 ) . An addition in unemployment is non needfully caused by an addition in the minimal pay rate ( Fox. 2006 ) . A authoritative illustration in this theory was the addition in the minimal pay rate in the old ages 1996 and 1997 that did non take to the dismissal of adolescents. which were believed to be less adept workers ( Bernstein and Schmitt. n. d. ) . If the addition in the pay rate does do a important lessening in employment. there would hold been larger lessenings in the employment over the old ages ( Card. 1992 as cited by Fox. 2006 ; Bernstein and Schmitt. n. d. ) . Wage hiking does hold psychological effects on workers such as: higher productiveness. decreased turnover. lower recruiting and preparation costs. decreased absenteeism and higher morale. which are believed to countervail the costs of increasing the pay ( Bernstein and Schmitt. n. d. ; Card and Krueger. 1995 as cited by Fox. 2006 ; Bernstein. et Al. . 1999 ; ) . Increasing minimal pay rate even attracts employment ( Clinton. 1995 as cited by Burkhauser and Sabia. 2005 ) . The consequence of increasing the minimal pay rate on the rise in unemployment rate is by and large little and statistically insignificant ( Bernstein and Schmitt. 1998 as cited by Fox. 2006 ) . Decreases in the unemployment rate may besides be caused by the pay hiking. but merely to a little extent. A more likely cause of unemployment is the public presentation of the economic system ( Chipman. 2006 as cited by Fox. 2006 ; Costales. et Al. 2000 ) . one of which is the being of a deflationary spread. It is a state of affairs wherein the aggregative outgo of the economic system is less than the full employment degree of income or end product. hence proposing the being of unemployment ( Costales. et Al. . 2000 ) . In fact. empirical surveies show that the employment on houses which implemented the higher minimal pay rates are higher than those without the rise. which both have positive and negative effects ( Burton and Hanauer. 2006 as cited by Fox. 2006 ) . The negative effects of more employment were stated in predating pages of this study. The overall positive effects of the addition in the pay rate set a sense of value for low-wage workers’ employment and elate their life criterions. ( Fox. 2006 ) . It serves as one of the tools in poorness decrease because the primary end of the minimal pay policy is to increase income of the low-wage earners ( Burkhauser and Sabia. 2005 ) . Raising the minimal pay rate affects employment chances. It makes occupation searchers less probably to acquire a occupation while those who are already employed are expected to retain the employment. ( Deere. 1998 ) . Firms who do non hold the money to shoulder extra rewards for an addition in the minimal pay rate are normally the 1s who are against the execution of pay hikings. This is the primary cause of puting off of workers and the addition in the unemployment rate. This besides is the cause of firing less skilled workers because houses opt to retain the workers who are more adept. However. if the houses are able to prolong the costs. the addition will be both good to employers ( moral uplifting and better public presentation of the employees ) and to the workers ( higher income for basic demands ) . Increasing the lower limit pay of low-salaried workers is portion of the bargaining understanding between the workers’ brotherhood and the company. It is given in the hope of relieving poorness. However. survey shows that it may non be true in all instances because some companies may choose to follow work allotment among workers which could intend limited clip for work significance limited income on the portion of the affected workers. Though increasing minimal pay may ensue in higher operating costs. the addition is non the lone factor that affects the employment position of workers. Effectss of addition in the lower limit pay vary in different economic systems. hence the country’s economic public presentation straight affects unemployment rate due to the presence of deflationary spread. Addition in the minimal pay rate does non straight affect the unemployment rate. but instead. it affects the costs of the houses. In bend. these houses which can non run at a higher cost screen their current workers and cut those who have small experience to maximise their returns. However. there are houses which value the public assistance of the workers and handle it as portion of the working costs included in the production. Therefore. they consider extra costs. ensuing from pay hikings. negligible. Therefore. increasing the lower limit pay does non ensue in higher unemployment rate.

20 Ways to Cry

20 Ways to Cry 20 Ways to Cry 20 Ways to Cry By Mark Nichol Opportunities abound for describing lachrymal lamentations. Here are twenty synonyms for cry, plus some related expressions. 1. Bawl: to cry out loudly and without restraint; also, to call out in such a manner 2. Bleat: to complain or whine 3. Blub: see blubber (mostly confined to British English) 4. Blubber: to cry while making sounds of distress or pain, especially through pouted lips (hence the onomatopoeic word) 5. Caterwaul: to cry harshly; also, to noisily complain or protest 6. Groan: a low-pitched cry of grief or pain 7. Howl: to cry out in grief; also, to cry out in laughter or anger 8. Keen: to cry out with a long, loud sound of mourning; also, to complain, usually tiresomely (the adjective keen, meaning â€Å"acute, sharp† or used as slang equivalent to cool or neat is unrelated) 9. Lament: to cry out with grief; also, to feel regret or sorrow 10. Mewl: to cry softly or weakly, like a kitten 11. Moan: a low-pitched sound of grief or pain more extended than a groan 12. Pule: see whine 13. Snivel: to cry with a stuffed nose; also, to act or speak as if in an emotional, tearful state 14. Sob: to cry while making sounds of distress or pain, distinguished from blubbering by the noisy intake of breath 15. Squall: to cry out loudly in emotional distress usually associated with infants or very young children 16. Wail: to cry out in grief at a high pitch 17. Weep: to cry while making sounds of distress or pain, distinguished from blubbering and sobbing by the gentler, quieter nature of weeping 18. Whimper: to cry softly and irregularly; also, to complain or protest as if whining 19. Whine: to cry in distress, or in a high-pitched, complaining manner; also, to complain 20. Yowl: see wail Idioms and slang synonymous with cry include â€Å"break down,† â€Å"burst into tears,† â€Å"choke up,† â€Å"crack up,† â€Å"dissolve into tears,† â€Å"let it all out,† â€Å"put on the weeps,† â€Å"ring the blues,† â€Å"shed (bitter) tears,† and â€Å"turn on the waterworks.† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Using "a" and "an" Before Words41 Words That Are Better Than GoodCapitalizing Titles of People and Groups

The Managed Service Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Managed Service Business - Essay Example On the other hand, it would be very cost effective, efficient and convenient if food services will be outsourced because all it takes is doing business with a catering company where the business requirements for food services are specified for the catering/outsourced company to provide. All they have to do is pay the outsource company and they will be freed from the inconvenience and complexity of sourcing raw materials, cooking them, presenting them, maintaining personnel and equipment among others. Basically, outsourcing the food service to a third party will allow the business to focus its energy, resources and expertise on its core business for it to become more competitive in the business it is engaged in. The most obvious advantage of outsourcing food services to a management contractor is convenience and cost efficiency. The function of a management contractor is already very demanding which takes a lot of time, energy and resources and the company would be better off if they will focus on their core business. If they will add the food service to their function, this will take away time, energy and resources from them which could have been used in other things such as focusing on their business. In addition, it would be more efficient if a caterer or a business company would handle the food service since this is their core business and therefore has the competency to do it better. A food caterer will require less time, effort and resources to provide the food service than if the management contractor will do it themselves. Food service operations are laborious, time bound and risky. It is another business competency that is better left to be done by another business that has the expertise to do it. It involves acquisition of raw materials, preparation to serving the foods to maintenance of equipment to managing people. It is aggravated by the fact that foods cannot last long in inventory and therefore,

Blast Injuries Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Blast Injuries - Essay Example Upon detonation, a high explosive undergoes an almost instantaneous conversion into a gas at extremely high temperature and pressure. Rapidly, these high pressure gases expand generating a marked pressure wave known as the blast wave, which moves outward in every direction resulting into an abrupt shattering blow on everything in the immediate surroundings (Bailey and Murray, 1989). The blast wave inflicts on individuals in the surroundings injuries that are known as blast injuries, which this paper discusses. The blast wave is an intense rise in pressure that the detonation of a high explosive creates. In the ambient environment, the pressure rises almost instantly followed by an exponential decay and may have a brief reduced-barometric pressure period. The peak pressure as well as the period that the initial positive blast phase covers is dependent on the distance from the detonation centre (blast epicentre) and the explosion size. Energy transfer from the blast wave to bodies or objects in its path takes place causing damage (Elsayed, 2007). Below is a diagram showing a typical pressure/ blast wave. One may characterize explosive devices on the basis of their source. The bureau of Firearms, Tobacco and Alcohol classifies explosives into improvised and manufactured. While an improvised explosive denotes utilization of weapons fabricated in small quantities, devices used outside of their intended purposes, or alternative materials; a manufactured explosive entails a standard, quality tested and mass produced weapon. It is important to note that if somebody with training in explosives designs an ‘improvised’ explosive device, it may be professional in form and its operation may be somewhat lethal. In fact, high quality improvised explosive devices may bear a resemblance to military weapons both in appearance and effect (Bailey and Murray, 1989). The degree and

Huge Impact of Primitivism on the Development of Modern Art Research Paper

Huge Impact of Primitivism on the Development of Modern Art - Research Paper Example The essay "Huge Impact of Primitivism on the Development of Modern Art" analyzes primitivist's huge impact on the development of the history of modern art. Primitivism is predominantly a Christian Caucasian view that view any form of art that is not Caucasian as primitive. Interestingly, art work from some major cultures like Greek, Egyptian and Roman art are not considered primitive. Islamic art, Chinese art and Indian art are also not considered as primitive art. Primitivism has its genesis in the 19th century when it was used in the description of imagery and motif art. Imagery and motifs are usually associated with primitive art. Primitivism first appeared in the Tahitian paintings of Paul Gauguin. Primitivism became a trend that was majorly practiced by German and French artists. Some of these artists were Jacob Epstein, Ernst Ludwig and Picasso. Primitivism has also not been thought to be the preserve of ancient people. It has been used to describe the work of self taught artis ts known for simplistic paintings. Primitive art from self-taught artists is also known as Naà ¯ve art or Outsider art. This kind of art has been seen in the works of artists like Paul Klee (1879-1940), Asger Jorn (1914-1973), Karel Appel (1921-2006) and Frida Kahlo (1907-1954). Primitivism was introduced to the Western world during the age of discovery, when unknown culture and people were discovered. The discovery age also saw the emergence of colonialism. Colonialism made indigenous culture and artifacts accessible.

The quantity of pennies Essay Example for Free

The quantity of pennies Essay (1) Draw an indifference curve map with the quantity of pennies are on the horizontal axis and the quantity of nickels are on the vertical axis. Given the shape of your indifference curve, how would you describe the typical relationship between these two â€Å"products†? The two goods are perfect substitutes for each other. 5pennies are equivalent to a nickel. (2) You and I are in consumer equilibrium. CDs cost 10 dollars each and cassette tapes only 2 dollars each. I consume CDs and cassettes. You consume only cassettes. What can you infer about my MRS (marginal rate of substitution) of CDs and tapes? What about your MRS. Since both individuals are in consumer equilibrium, for you, the MRS should equal the price ratio since you consume both goods. Hence MRS = 10/2 = 5.  For me since I consume only cassettes at my equilibrium, it implies that I consider CD’s a neutral good. Therefore my indifference curves are horizontal (assuming CD’s are on the horizontal axis). Hence MRS is zero, since no amount of increase in CD’s can change your utility unless you have more cassettes. (3) The price of driving a car is 30 cents per mile. The cost of riding the bus is 60 cents per mile. At the moment, your Marginal Utility of the last mile of car transportation is 80 units, and the Marginal Utility of your last mile of bus transportation is 150 units. Are you maximizing your utility? Explain your answer. If I’m maximizing my utility then the marginal utility derived from the last cent spent on each good must be equal. The marginal utility from the last cent spent on driving a car is = 80/30 =8/3=2.67 The marginal utility from the last cent spent on riding the bus = 150/60 =5/2=2.5 Hence I’m not maximizing my utility. I can increase my  utility by spending less on bus rides and more on driving the car. (4) Let’s say your consumption basket is made up of two goods, â€Å"X† and â€Å"Y†. Your income is â€Å"I†. The market prices you face for these two goods are PX and PY. Draw an initial equilibrium point for your consumption of these two goods. (Restate the formula for the relation between your marginal rate of substitution and the market values of â€Å"X† and â€Å"Y† at the point of equilibrium.) Now, you suddenly crave good â€Å"X† much more relative to â€Å"Y† than previously. this do to your indifference curve and equilibrium position? Why? After you crave more â€Å"X† relative to â€Å"Y†, the price of â€Å"X† rises dramatically. your graph what does this do you your equilibrium position? Now, your income doubles. What does Draw on Graph your new equilibrium position. By doing this exercise, you get a sense of how your real income and purchasing power, and consumption changes, as your tastes, income and market conditions change. Remember there are three components here: Your psychological makeup – your indifference curve Your income – the result of all your hard work and application of skills The prices you face, determined by the market. In the â€Å"real world† this is a situation that will always hold true for you as you interact with the world of goods and services. At the equilibrium, the MRS=price ratio = PX/PY. At the equilibrium, the indifference curve is tangential to the budget line. MRS =MUX/MUY =PX/PY, i.e. MUX/PX = MUY/PY Now it is given that X is â€Å"craved† much more for relative to Y. Hence the indifference curves becomes steeper. That is now you are willing to give up more amount of Y to have a unit more of X. Alternatively, it can be said that you need more of Y to leave you indifferent for the same decrease in X. Hence the slope of the indifference curve, i.e. the marginal rate of substitution increases, i.e. MUx/MUY increases. We know that the price ratio doesn’t vary. Hence at the original equilibrium, we have MUX/PXMUY/PY. Therefore you will consume more of X and less of Y at the new equilibrium, since your receiving more from the last dollar spent on X than Y. Now the price of X rises. Since we are at an equilibrium, MUX/PX=MUY/PY. But since Px is higher, your budget curve pivots inward. With the substitution effect you consume less of X and more of Y. With the income effect you consume less of both goods (since real income has decreased). Therefore at the new equilibrium, you consume less of X and the amount of consumption of Y depends on the relative strength of the two effects. (5) Think of a commercial establishment (department store, coffee shop, gas station, store from which you make common purchases – that is spending your hard-earned money) and think through the questions in the previous exercise (4) as they would apply yourself and to the goods offered by this establishment. That is, take any two goods or groups of goods from the store you have chosen and re-do the questions in (4) as they would really apply to you and your tastes. Now you are thinking economics and thinking creatively as well! Consider choice made between having fruit beer(X) or having ice cream(Y) after dinnerassuming that both are good goods. At the equilibrium, the MRS=price ratio = PX/PY. At the equilibrium, the indifference curve is tangential to the budget line. MRS =MUX/MUY =PX/PY, i.e. MUX/PX = MUY/PY Now it is given that X(fruit beer) is â€Å"craved† much more for relative to Y(ice cream). Hence the indifference curves becomes steeper. That is now you are willing to give up more amount of Y to have a unit more of X.  Alternatively, it can be said that you need more of Y to leave you indifferent for the same decrease in X. Hence the slope of the indifference curve, i.e. the marginal rate of substitution increases, i.e. MUx/MUY increases. We know that the price ratio doesn’t vary. Hence at the original equilibrium, we have MUX/PXMUY/PY. Therefore you will consume more of X and less of Y at the new equilibrium, since your receiving more from the last dollar spent on X than Y. Now the price of X rises. Since we are at an equilibrium, MUX/PX=MUY/PY. But since Px is higher, your budget curve pivots inward. With the substitution effect you consume less of X and more of Y. With the income effect you consume less of both goods (since real income has decreased). Therefore at the new equilibrium, you consume less of X and the amount of consumption of Y depends on the relative strength of the two effects. (6) You are willing to accept risk for rewards. For example, you are willing to take real tough courses at UCD because if you do well, it will look like you are a hard worker on your transcript (and that is a good thing). Okay, the reward is what could be on your transcript but the risk is that you MAY pull down your GPA. Draw an indifference curve for your two â€Å"goods†, risk and reward for your decision to take or not take the hard courses. Put the good, reward, on the X axis. What do micro-economists call these two goods with respect to the indifference map? Now, suddenly you are really afraid to take the hard courses (that is, you now have a greater fear of failure). How does that change your indifference map? You have upward sloping indifference curves between risk and reward, i.e. for a given level of utility; if you face more risk then you require more rewards to keep you at that level of utility. You consider risk to be a bad good while reward to be a â€Å"good† good. Since you are afraid to take hard courses, you require more reward for taking the same risk to induce you to take that course. Hence the indifference curves become flatter. (7) The price of good X is $2. The price  of good Y is $6. You have income of $30. In the case where you prefer to consume X, what will your indifference map look like? Give a numeric example of how much of the two goods you will consume in equilibrium. What will be the ratio of the marginal utilities of these two goods? What exactly will be the level of your utility at equilibrium? At the equilibrium, your MRS equals the price ratio. Hence MRS=1/3. Consider the utility function, U(x,y) =xy. Hence MRS = y/x. At equilibrium, x=3y. The budget equation is 2x+6y=30. Hence at the equilibrium, 12y=30, i.e. y=2.5 and x=7.5. u(x,y) = 18.75. (8) Automobile bodies and automobile wheels are perfect complements. Normally, four wheels are consumed for each body purchased. Draw the typical consumer’s indifference map for these two goods, auto bodies, and auto wheels. What can you say about the point of equilibrium for the typical consumer of these two items? Indicate the point of equilibrium on the diagram for lower and higher levels of personal income. At the point of equilibrium, a consumer consumes only an integer amount of the two goods. He consumes x cars and the corresponding amount of wheels, i.e. (4*x) since you require 4 wheels for each car. Your equilibrium is at the point where the budget curve is tangent to the indifference curve, i.e. at the kink of the IC’s. Suppose a person has income sufficient to buy only one car. The his equilibrium point is at L. Compared to this a relatively higher income level individual will consume more number of cars, say like point H at his equilibrium. (9) With respect to three goods – ice cream, green tea, and digital cameras, what does it means when your preference for, and satisfaction gained from, these three goods are consistent with the assumptions of completeness, transitivity, and (what I call) the â€Å"pig theory† of demand. When preferences are said to be complete, it implies that you can rank the three goods in terms of your preferences between them. It can never be the case that you don’t know your preference ranking between two goods. When your preferences are said to be transitive then if you prefer x to y and then y to z, then it must be the case that you prefer x to z. If not then your preferences violate transitivity. If preferences satisfy completeness and transitivity then as the price of the good increases the demand for the good falls. This is the pig theory of demand. (10) What does it mean when we say that the MRS is A NEGTIVE VALUE on the indifference curve? Indifference curves are downward sloping and the level of utility is constant along an indifference curve. As you give up some unit of the good on X axis, say X, you need more of the good on Y axis, say Y, to keep your utility level constant. Hence the slope of the indifference curve, which is the MRS, i.e. the ratio in which you are will to substitute one good for the other while remaining at the same level of utility, is negative. It is negative since as the amount of X decreases, Y has to increase. (11) If your equilibrium point between two goods X and Y is a CORNER SOLUTION, and you are on the X axis, what does that indicate about the relation between your personal MRS between X and Y and the market determined price ratio Px/Py? Why is this a corner solution? In case of corner solution, at the equilibrium the price ratio and the MRS are not equal, unlike in the case of an interior solution. Since you are on X axis and hence consuming only X and zero amount of Y, the MRS =∞, i.e. no amount of Y can increase your utility level for the given level of X. (12) If your equilibrium point between two goods X and Y is a CORNER SOLUTION, and you are on the Y axis, what does that indicate about the relation between your personal MRS between X and Y and the market determined price ratio Px/Py? Why is this a corner solution? In case of corner solution, at the equilibrium the price ratio and the MRS are not equal, unlike in the case of an interior solution. Since you are on Y axis and hence consuming only Y and zero amount of X, the MRS =0, i.e. no amount of X can increase your utility level for the given level of Y. (13)How might an indifference curve map indicate your personal preferences if you believe in the following: Coke is just as good as Pepsi You consider Pepsi and Coke to be perfect substitutes for each other and hence your indifference curves will be straight lines. I hate rainy days and just love sunny days. You consider rainy days to be bad goods. Given rainy days is on the vertical axis and sunny days are on the horizontal axis, your indifference curves are upward sloping with utility increasing along the horizontal axis. Compared to everything else I could possible buy, I absolutely, positively want an Audi tt sports car. Having an Audi is your satiation point or your bliss point. Hence your indifference curve are concentric circles around this point. Baskin-Robbins Jamoca Almond Fudge ® ice cream is so addictive. flavor is absolutely huge!. My craving for this If the fudge ice cream is on the horizontal axis, then your indifference curves are relatively steep, i.e. you are willing to give up the ice cream only if you receive relatively large amounts of the other goods in compensation. I like ice cream, but under very few circumstances will I eat yoghurt. You consume ice cream and yoghurt in a particular combination. Hence these two goods are considered as perfect complements of each other but with greater weight on ice creams. Therefore your indifference curves are L shaped. (14) Draw an indifference map where at your point of consumption your MRS between X and Y is 3 and the price of X is $1.00 and the price of Y is $1.00. Is there anything you can do to raise your level of satisfaction? If so, what is it? If increasing your utility is possible, where do you want to  end up on the diagram and why? The MRS =3 while the price ratio is =1. Hence you are not at the optimum. At the utility maximizing point we require MRS=PX/PY. i.e. MRS=MUx/MUy = PX/PY, i.e. MUx/Px=MUy/Py. In this case we have, MUx/Px=3 while MUy/Py =1. Hence you are getting more utility from the last dollar spent on X than from Y. Therefore you can increase your utility by consuming more X and less Y. (15) Draw an indifference map where at your point of consumption your MRS between X and Y is 1 and the price of X is $3.00 and the price of Y is $1.00. Is there anything you can do to raise your level of satisfaction? If so, what is it? If increasing your utility is possible, where do you want to end up on the diagram and why? The MRS =1 while the price ratio is =3. Hence you are not at the optimum. At the utility maximizing point we require MRS=PX/PY. i.e. MRS=MUx/MUy = PX/PY, i.e. MUx/Px=MUy/Py. In this case we have, MUx/Px=1/3 while MUy/Py =1. Hence you are getting more utility from the last dollar spent on Y than from X. Therefore you can increase your utility by consuming more Y and less X.  (16) The Addictive Foods Corporation wants you do purchase and eat as much of its possible as is humanly possible. So Addictive Foods designs a pricing strategy to encourage this result. Given your own utility preferences for products of the type marketed and sold by Addictive, what is the likely shape of your budget constraint? Where might you end up on this constraint? If the pricing campaign is totally successful, where might most people end up on the constraint? The budget constraint is likely to be relatively flat (assuming food is on the horizontal axis) since Addictive Foods Corporation would charge a  relatively lower price. Given your preferences, you are likely to end up consuming relatively large amounts of food. If the pricing strategy is successful most people would end up to the right of the midpoint of their budget constraint, i.e. they would consume relatively large amounts of food. (17) The Greenie Energy Corporation wants you to conserve your household energy use – electricity and gas. So Greenie designs a pricing strategy to encourage this result. Given your own utility preferences for the energy marketed and sold by Greenie, what is the likely shape of your budget constraint? Where might you end up on this constraint? If the pricing campaign is totally successful, where might most people end up on the constraint? The budget constraint is likely to be steep (assuming that energy is on the horizontal axis). Greenie Energy Corporation would charge a relatively high price to discourage usage of  energy. Given your preferences, you are likely to end up consuming relatively small amounts of energy. If the pricing strategy is successful most people would end up to the left of the midpoint of their budget constraint, i.e. they would consume relatively small amounts of energy. HW 2. (1) What does â€Å"homogeneity† of demand mean? If the prices of all goods rises by 10% and you get a 10% income raise, what happens to your â€Å"real† income and purchasing power. If you were to represent this situation on an indifference map as you consumed goods X and Y, how would you show it? Homogeneity of demand is x(p,m) = x(ap,am), i.e. as income and prices increase by same proportion, the demand remains unchanged. If the prices of all goods rise by 10% and income increases by 10%, then your real income and purchasing power remains unchanged. On the indifference map you remain at your initial equilibrium. (2) You consume two goods, X and Y. You really prefer X to Y. Also for you Y is an Inferior good. X is a Normal good. Starting from an initial position of equilibrium, you face a sudden rise in income. Go re-establish a new equilibrium. How would you represent all of this on your indifference map? As your income increases, given that Y is inferior, you will consume less of Y and more of X. You move to a higher indifference curve and hence attain more utility since the budget set has expanded. (3) You are in equilibrium on your indifference map with respect to X and Y. Your income does not change, but the price of X falls. You move to a new point of equilibrium on the indifference map. Show: Where you end up if both X and Y are normal goods. Where you end up if X is normal and Y is inferior. Where you end up if X is inferior and Y is normal. Now: Show the impact of the income and substitution effects with respect to your consumption of the good X in each of the three cases. Are the substitution effects different in each of these three two cases? As the price of X falls you will consume more and X and less of Y under the substitution effect. This holds across the three cases.  In case of X and Y being normal goods, a fall in the price of X increases your real income and hence with the income effect you consume more of both X and Y. At the new equilibrium you will consume more X and the amount of Y consumed depends on the relative strengths of the substitution and income effects. In case of X being normal and Y being an inferior good, a fall in the price of X increases your real income and hence with the income effect you consume more of X and less of Y. At the new equilibrium you will consume more X and the amount of Y consumed falls. In case of X being an inferior good and Y being a normal good, a fall in the price of X increases your real income and hence with the income effect you consume less of X and more of Y. At the new equilibrium your consumption of X and Y depends on the relative strengths of the substitution and income effects. For instance, if the substitution effect is stronger then you will consume more X and less Y. (4) What is a Giffen Paradox? If the good X is subject to a Giffen Paradox, show with indifference curve, how you would respond to a sudden rise in the price of X. Show the income and substitution effects with respect to your consumption of X after the price rise. According to the Giffen paradox as the income increases, you consume less of the good. For a given rise in price of X, the substitution effect induces you to consume less of X and more of Y. Since your real income has reduced, the income effect induces to consume more X (by Giffen paradox) and the consumption of Y reduces. At the new equilibrium, the final consumption of X and Y depends on the relative strength of income and substitution effects. If the income effect is stronger, then you will consume more X and less of Y at the new equilibrium. (5) Using indifference curve analysis, show how a TAX on the consumption of the good X can be less satisfactory from a satisfaction standpoint (utility standpoint) than a tax that raises the equivalent amount of money on income. A tax on X changes the price ratio and budget curve pivots inward. Let e1 be the new equilibrium point. For an equivalent tax on income, the new budget line will pass through this point parallel to the original indifference curve. The indifference curve at the equilibrium e1 cuts the budget curve with tax on income. Hence you move to a new indifference curve which is tangential to the budget curve with income tax, with the new equilibrium lying to the right of e1 and hence on a higher indifference curve. (6) Using indifference curve analysis, show how a unit TAX on the consumption of the good X that is completely reimbursed back to the consumer can lead to less satisfaction than before, even when the entire tax amount is handed  back to the consumer. (7) You are in equilibrium on your indifference map in your consumption of X and Y. The price of X drops. Show where you might end up if X and Y were complement goods. Show where you might end up if X and Y demonstrated substitutability. In case of complementary goods, a fall in price of X results in increase in consumption of both X and Y in a given proportion (depends on the ratio in which you consume the two). In case of substitutes assume that the price ratio equals the MRS which implies that you are consuming positive amounts of both goods at your equilibrium. However once the price of X falls, it makes X relatively cheaper of the two goods and being perfect substitutes, you will spend your entire income on X and none of Y. (8) Here is a question that deals with the notion of exogenous variables and your ability to consume goods and services. Let’s say that you live on a Pacific Island with a bunch of other people. Let’s say as well is that your â€Å"profession† is to make and sell â€Å"wind kites†. This is a very desirable form of entertainment for the islanders. The market has determined the price of what you make (wind-kites), and the prices of all of the other things that you want to buy. You consume coffee and candy as goods X and Y. Your income is from the sale of wind-kites. You face two issues: First, you really want more coffee and candy than you can afford, and Second, some other people are out there also making wind-kites. So, what do you propose to do to raise your â€Å"income† (push out your budget constraint) in order to consume more of these two items that you really crave? How would you represent your successful efforts on a two-dimension graph? What if the price of coffee skyrockets? What happens to your graph? What happens to your consumption of coffee and candy if both are normal goods? What additional steps might you take to maintain your purchasing power over the goods you demand to consume? When it comes to your manufacture of wind-kites, can you think in what ways any accumulated knowledge and wisdom on the island (the past experience and  efforts of other people) helps you in your profession? Note: there are many possible answers to (8), but all follow a correct micro-economic logic. And this is an economic logic that we all face every day of our lives in the real world. I want to consume more coffee and candy but I am constrained by my budget. Hence to consume more of these goods I need to increase my budget, i.e. income and this can be done only by increasing profits from selling kites. One is to reduce the cost of manufacturing the kites which will in turn lead to higher profit margins on each unit of kite sold. Also there are others selling wind kites. To increase sales revenue, I can also lower my price, but this requires the demand for kites to be inelastic and my price cut should not be matched by the other kite sellers. If I can increase my income then I can consume more of the two goods and hence move to a higher indifference curve at the new equilibrium.  However if the price of coffee increases, then under the substitution effect I consume less of coffee and more candy. But my real income has fallen and thus the income effect induces me to reduce consumption of both goods. At the final equilibrium, I will consume less coffee. The relative consumption level of candy depends on the strength of substitution effect relative to the income effect. If I can make use of accumulated knowledge and wisdom on the island, then it will help lower my costs of production and thus increase my profit margin on each unit sold. (9) Simple, but important. What is the difference between a â€Å"shift in demand† (an increase or decrease in demand) and a â€Å"change in the quantity demanded†? What do these concepts have to do with endogenous and exogenous variables? A shift in demand implies movement along different demand curves. A demand curve shifts when an exogenous variable changes. A change in quantity demanded is a movement along the demand curve. A change  in demand occurs when the endogenous variable varies. (10) Now here is a challenge. If you can work through the answer to this problem and understand it, you will have an insight as to what can drive national economic and most especially foreign policy of a country like the United States. The GDP of the USA is almost 70% consumption of goods and services by individuals. It is desire and possibility to consume all these goods that provide incentives for businesses to  make the goods and therefore provide employment and income for hundreds of millions of people.  Just about all of the goods that we consume and use in the USA are made with petroleum (oil) as an input. Soap, plastics, machines, medicines, and (obviously) gasoline and diesel fuel are examples. Suppose we had an indifference curve that showed the relationship between the consumption of all oil and oil-based goods (X) and all other goods (Y) for all Americans. Show what would typically happen in terms of income effects, substitution effects, and welfare loss if the US suddenly faced a large rise in the price of imported oil. A large rise in the price of imported oil would make imports relatively expensive. Given that 70% of income is spent on imports, the increase in price of imports significantly reduces the purchasing power of income and you move to a lower indifference curve. Hence there is a large reduction in welfare. (11) An issue facing just about all consumers (ALL OF US) is that of trying to move out the budget constraint (increasing purchasing power through a rise in income). I admit, I want that too. Using indifference curve analysis, we see how movements in income can â€Å"compensate† for price changes. Let’s say you were faced with a rise in the general price level for the goods you desire to consume. How would this impact your position in the budget-constraint indifference curve diagram?  Now, remembering the diagram about earnings and wage-power that I put on the board in an early lecture, think of ways that you could try to remedy this situation, right now? Remember the three factors that will determine how  much purchasing power you will have over the goods and services that others in the community produce (should you WANT to consume them). What resources are there in the community that can help you solve this problem? (This is a very practical and real-life question that should make our ECN 100 theory more relevant to you.) A general rise in the price of goods would shift the budget constraint inward, i.e. your budget set contracts since the purchasing power reduces. This induces you to move to a lower indifference curve. The lower purchasing power can be compensated for by increasing the number of hours worked (i.e. by reducing leisure enjoyed). Alternatively, you can invest your income in inflation-indexed bonds which will prevent your purchasing power from decreasing. (12) Which of the two phrases that follow would indicate a demand curve moving vertically or horizontally?  An article that coffee is healthy results in people drinking more coffee at any price. An article that coffee is healthy results in people wanting to pay more for coffee no matter how much they drink.  The first article indicates a shift of the demand curve. The article induces people to change their tastes and hence consume more coffee at the same price. (13) If he price of coffee rises from $3 to $4 per pound and as a result you lower your consumption of coffee from 4 pounds per week to 3 pounds per week, what is your personal elasticity of demand for coffee? Is your demand elastic or inelastic at this point? The elasticity is given by e=(dQ/dP)/(P/Q) = -1*(3/4) =0.75. Your demand is inelastic at this point since ebagels purchased? What can Noah expect to happen to his total revenue earned after this price increase of the bagel? Why would a typical business desire a demand curve for its product that is as least elastic or as inelastic as possible? We can assume that the price elasticity for Noah’s Bagels is inelastic if it is less than 1. We can define price elasticity as, e= (% change in demand)/(%change in price). Since demand is inelastic, e If the price elasticity of demand is inelastic, then as the price increases, the total revenue will increase. If the price elasticity of demand is elastic, then as the price increases the total revenue falls. For unitary elastic demand, for changes in price, the total revenue remains unchanged. (16) If a linear demand curve has a slope of One, what is the value of the price elasticity of demand on this demand curve at its midpoint? What is the value of the price elasticity on the curve above the midpoint? Below the midpoint? For a linear demand curve of slope=1, we have dQ/dP=1. At the midpoint, P=Q. Hence e=(dQ/dP)/(P/Q) =1. For any point above the midpoint, PQ, thus e1 and for any point below the demand curve, P  changes for coffee, why is it that the demand curve would ALWAYS be downward sloping. Show how this demand curve would be determined using the indifference map and budget constraint diagram for a typical coffee consumer. The substitution effect induces the consumer to consume more of the relatively cheaper good. Hence as the price of a good increases you will substitute away from it. Hence the demand curve under the substitution effect is downward sloping. An increase in the price of X pivots the budget curve inwards around the vertical intercept. To capture the substitution effect, a new budget curve where the real income is held constant is defined. The initial equilibrium is at e0. For the budget curve to the right of e0 lies below the original budget curve and hence was already affordable. Hence the consumer will consume to the left of e0 under the new equilibrium. Hence as the price of X increases, the substitution effect induces the consumer to reduce the consumption of X. (19) Let’s say the commodity â€Å"X† is a Giffen Good. Using the indifference map and budget constraint for the typical consumer of this good, show how the combination of the substation and income effects results is an UPWARD SLOPING demand curve for â€Å"X†. For a given rise in price of X, the substitution effect induces you to consume less of X and more of Y. Since your real income has reduced, the income effect induces to consume more X (by Giffen paradox) and the consumption of Y reduces. At the new equilibrium, the final consumption of X and Y depends on the relative strength of income and substitution effects. If the income effect is stronger, then you will consume more X and less of Y at the new equilibrium. Hence as the price of X increases, you consume more of X and hence the demand curve is upward sloping. (20) This next question is related for (6) above and is repeated for emphasis. Your government wants you to consume less Coffee. It believes that the caffeine in coffee is harmful to your health. Thus, your government decides to place a tax on your purchase of coffee. Coffee is a NORMAL good.  This tax is a FIXED PERCENTAGE of the price (amount of money) you pay to this product. For every dollar you spend on coffee, you pay a â€Å"t† percent tax on that dollar. Therefore the more money you spend on coffee, the more tax you pay. BUT, your government feels sorry for you and decides to rebate back to you the tax you pay on the coffee that you purchase (all of it). With the rebate, you can do what you wish. Please use the tools we have developed thus far in the course to show: (1) The original consumer equilibrium before the tax and the impact of the tax on the budget line and the new consumer equilibrium after the imposition of the tax. (2) The impact of the tax rebate on the consumer and the new consumer equilibrium after the rebate. (3) How the new consumer equilibrium with the rebate leaves the consumer â€Å"worse off† than had the tax not been levied in the first place. Since you are moving to a lower indifference curve after the rebate, you are worse off under this system. (21) If potatoes are an inferior good, how would we show that to be the case using a simple calculation of the income elasticity of demand for potatoes? Income elasticity can be defines as, ei = (dQ/dI)/(I/Q). Since potatoes are inferior goods, as the income increases you consume less of it, i.e. (dQ/dI) Assuming that the demand is linear, i.e. it is a straight line joining (0,10) and (10,0), the consumer surplus for P=5 will be half the area of the triangle enclosed by the demand curve. Hence consumer surplus =  ½*[1/2*10*10] =$25. Consumer surplus on a unit sold is the difference between what the consumer is willing to pay for that less the amount he actually has to pay. Therefore the lower the price he has to actually pay relative to his willingness to pay, greater is his consumer surplus and hence greater the welfare.